范文 > 教案 > 初三下册化学溶液教案 > 导航 > 高中高二下册化学水的电离和溶液的酸碱性教案

初三下册化学溶液教案

高中高二下册化学水的电离和溶液的酸碱性教案。

教案课件是老师上课做的提前准备,因此想要随便写的话老师们就要注意了。同时要清楚知道一份优秀教案课件,也能快速梳理各个知识点。要写好教案课件,有没有好的范文可借鉴呢?或许你需要"高中高二下册化学水的电离和溶液的酸碱性教案"这样的内容,在此提醒你收藏本页,以方便阅读!

一. 本周教学内容:水的电离和溶液的酸碱性

二. 重点、难点:

1. 本节的重点是水的离子积,氢离子浓度、pH与溶液酸碱性的关系

2. 本节的难点是水的离子积,有关溶液pH的简单计算

三. 具体内容:

(一)水的电离

1. 水的电离

2. 水的电离程度

3. 电离平衡常数

4. 水的离子积

5. 需注意的

6. 影响水的电离平衡的因素

(二)溶液的酸碱性与pH

1. Kw在电解质溶液中的存在

2. 溶液的酸碱性与c(H )、c(OH-)的关系

3. 溶液的酸、碱性与pH的关系

4. 溶液酸碱性的表示

5. pH的测量

(三)pH的应用

1. 医疗上

2. 生活上

3. 环保领域中

4. 农业生产中

5. 科学实验和工业生产中

(四)酸碱质子理论

A. 溶液pH的计算方法

B. 实验测定酸碱滴定曲线

1. 实验

2. 酸碱指示剂在中和滴定中的应用

【典型例题

[例1] 将pH=4的酸溶液与pH=10的NaOH溶液等体积混合后,溶液的pH可能是( )

A. 等于7 B. 大于7 C. 小于7 D. 无法确定

解析:考虑弱电解质电离的特点和pH的计算。

[例2] 今有HA、H2B、H3C三种弱酸,根据强酸制弱酸的反应规律,它们之间发生下列反应:HA HC2-(少量)=A- H2C-;H2B(少量) 2A-=B2- 2HA;

H2B(少量) H2C-=HB- H3C,回答下列问题:

(1)相同条件下,HA、H2B、H3C三种酸中,酸性的是____;

(2)A-、B2-、C3-、HB-、H2C-、HC2-六种离子中,最容易结合质子(H )的是_____,最难结合质子的是_____;

(3)完成下列反应的离子方程式

① H3C OH-(过量)_______________;

② HA(过量) C3-________________。

解析:掌握酸碱质子理论。

[例3] 1体积pH=2.5的盐酸与10体积某一元强碱溶液恰好完全反应,则该碱溶液的pH等于( )

A. 9.0 B. 9.5 C. 10 高中语文.5 D. 11.0

解析:考查与pH有关的计算。

[例4] 有人曾建议用AG表示溶液的酸度,AG的定义为AG=lgc(H )/c(OH-)。下列表述正确的是( )

A. 在25℃时,若溶液呈中性,则pH=7,AG=1

B. 在25℃时,若溶液呈酸性,则pH<7,AG<0

C. 在25℃时,若溶液呈碱性,则pH>7,AG>0

D. 在25℃时,溶液的pH与AG的换算公式为AG=2(7-pH)

解析:考查对溶液酸碱性的认识和对定义的理解、运算。

[例5] pH=3的两种一元酸HX和HY溶液,分别取50mL加入足量的镁粉,充分反应后,收集到H2的体积分别为V(HX)和V(HY),若V(HX)>V(HY),则下列说法正确的是( )

A. HX可能是强酸

B. HY一定是强酸

C. HX的酸性强于HY的酸性

D. 反应开始时二者生成H2的速率相等

解析:考查对溶液中弱酸的浓度和离子浓度的区别。

[例6] 在25℃时,某稀溶液中由水电离产生的c(H )为10-13mol/L,下列有关溶液的叙述,正确的是( )

A. 该溶液一定呈酸性 B. 该溶液一定呈碱性

C. 该溶液的pH一定是1 D. 该溶液的pH可能约为13解析:考查对水的离子积的理解和影响因素。

[例7] 下列溶液一定呈中性的是( )

A. pH=7的溶液

B. c(H )=c(OH-)的溶液

C. 由强酸、强碱等物质的量反应得到的溶液

D. 非电解质溶于水得到的溶液

答案:B

解析:考查溶液中性本质的分析。

[例8] 在25℃时,某溶液中由水电离出的c(H )=1×10-12mol/L,则该溶液的pH可能是( )

A. 12 B. 7 C. 6 D. 2

答案:AD

解析:掌握溶液pH计算的根本原则。

【模拟

1. 水是一种极弱的电解质,在室温下,平均每n个分子只有1个分子发生电离,则n值是( )

A. 10-14 B. 55.6×107 C. 107 D. 55.6

2. 如果25℃时Kw=1×10-14,100℃时Kw=1×10-12,这说明( )

A. 100℃时水的电离常数较大

B. 前者c(H )较后者大

C. 水的电离过程是一个吸热过程

D. Kw和温度无直接关系

3. 用湿润的pH试纸测定溶液的pH,不变的是( )

A. HCl溶液 B. NaOH溶液 C. Na2SO4溶液 D. 氨水

4. 将0.1mol/L醋酸溶液加水稀释,下列说法正确的是( )

A. 溶液中c(H )和c(OH-)都减小

B. 溶液中c(H )增大

C. 醋酸电离平衡向左移动

D. 溶液的pH增大

5. 用pH均为2的盐酸和醋酸溶液,分别中和等体积、等物质的量浓度的氢氧化钠溶液,当氢氧化钠恰好完全中和时,消耗盐酸和醋酸溶液的体积分别为V1和V2,则V1和V2的关系正确的是( )

A. V1>V2 B. V1

6. 在313K时,水的Kw=3.8×10-14,若在313K时,c(H )=1.0×10-7mol/L的溶液( )

A. 呈酸性 B. 呈中性 C. 呈碱性 D. 无法判断

7. 水的电离过程为H2O H OH-,在不同温度下其平衡常数为:K(25℃)=1.0×

10-14,K(35℃)=2.1×10-14,则下列叙述正确的是( )

A. c(H )随温度的升高而降低

B. 在35℃时,c(H )>c(OH-)

C. 水的电离度α(25℃)>α(35℃)

D. 水的电离是吸热的

8. 准确量取25.00mL KMnO4溶液,可选用的仪器是( )

A. 50mL量筒 B. 10mL量筒

C. 50mL酸式滴定管 D. 50mL碱式滴定管

9. pH=13的强碱溶液与pH=2的强酸溶液混合,所得混合液的pH=11,则强碱与强酸的体积比是( )

A. 11:1 B. 9:1 C. 1:11 D. 1:9

10. 下列说法正确的是( )

A. HCl溶液中无OH-

B. NaOH溶液中无H+

C. NaCl溶液中既无OH-也无H+

D. 常温下,任何物质的水溶液中都有H+和OH-,且Kw=c(H )?c(OH-)=10-14

11. 进行中和滴定时,事先不应该用所盛溶液润洗的仪器是(已用蒸馏水洗过)( )

A. 酸式滴定管 B. 碱式滴定管 C. 锥形瓶 D. 量筒

12. 中和相同体积、相同pH的 、NaOH和NH3?H2O三种稀溶液,所用相同浓度盐酸的体积分别为V1、V2和V3,则( )

A. V3>V1=V2 B. V3>V2>V1

C. V1>V2>V3 D. V3

【试题答案

1. B 2. AC 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. D 10. D

11. CD 12. A

【试题解析

1. 根据每55.6mol水中有1×10-7mol水电离,而分子个数比与物质的量成正比,所以列比例计算即可。

2. 温度较高,Kw较大,所以选A;Kw较大,即水的离子积较大,说明电离平衡正向移动,升高温度平衡向吸热方向移动,说明正向为吸热方向。

3. 湿润的pH试纸,相当于溶液被稀释,使得酸性和碱性存在误差,但是C是中性溶液,不受影响

4. 弱电解质溶液存在着电离平衡,加水稀释,平衡发生移动,c(H )减小,而c(OH-)增大,pH增大,平衡右移。

5. 因为盐酸是强酸,全部电离,醋酸是弱酸,部分电离,所以全部的氢离子(包括没有电离的)醋酸中多,所以所需体积少。

6. 根据水的离子积的公式,计算出c(OH-)=3.8×10-7mol/L,比氢离子浓度大,因此显碱性。

7. 升高温度,K增大,说明氢离子和氢氧根离子的浓度都增加,但是是同等程度增加,所以离子浓度仍一样,但电离程度增加,平衡正向移动,说明正向是吸热反应。

8. 由于量的体积精确度为0.01mL,故应选用滴定管,而KMnO4是强氧化剂易腐蚀碱式滴定管的橡皮管,所以选C。

9. 混合前,碱中c(OH-)=0.1mol/L,酸中c(H )=0.01mol/L,因为算得溶液中OH-剩余,为10-3mol/L,其等于氢氧根离子的物质的量?D酸中氢离子的物质的量,再÷溶液体积(V1 V2)。

11. 锥形瓶里的待测液,物质的量一定,如润洗则多;量筒是粗量仪器,没有必要润洗。

12. 因为一水合氨是弱电解质,还有一部分分子未电离,所以所需的酸多。

Fwr816.COm小编精选

高中高二下册英语Body language教案格式


part I. Analysis of the teaching material

1)The position and role of this text

“ Body language ” is the third period of unit 21. It’s a reading comprehension text. This lesson is very important for the students to learn in that it is related to our thinking strategies and it uses both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions and to communicate with other people.

2) Knowledge goal:

Understand the main idea of the text

3) ability goal: ①talk about body language

②improve the students’ ability of reading

4) Moral goal: Get aware of some gestures and facial expressions in different cultures.

5) Teaching aims

①to improve the students’ reading ability, such as skimming, scanning.

②to Understand the main idea of the text

③Get aware of some gestures and facial expressions in different cultures.

part II. Analysis of the teaching methods

Question-and-answer activity teaching method

Watch-and-listen activity

Free discussion method

pair work or inpidual work method

To reach my teaching aims, I’ll take advantage of some teaching aids, such as a tape recorder, multimedia, the blackboard

part III. Analysis of the learning approach

Interest is the best teacher. But with the heavy study burden and

impact of the traditional spoon-feeding teaching, sometimes the

students may lose the interest in learning and are not independent

enough. So how to motivate them, develop their interest and build up

their self-study ability are the first things I am considering about

partIV. The teaching process

Step 1 Warming up

Show a short film and a MTV show and ask the students the following questions:

T: How do the actors in the show express themselves?

S: By facial expressions and what they do.

T: What do we call that?

S: Body language.

T: What is body language?

S: Body language is the movements or positions of our body. We use them to show other people what we are thinking about and how we are feeling.

[设计说明] 让学生在课前欣赏两段表演,在活跃气氛,激发学生对身势语的兴趣的同时,通过回答演员们如何表现自己这一问题引出本课话题------body language.

Step 2 Brainstorming

Show some gestures and ask the students to guess what the gestures mean.

[设计说明] 展现几幅身势语图片以激发学生的学习兴趣和参与的热情,创造轻松的课堂氛围,最后用一幅图片调动学生的求知欲------同一身势语在不同文化背景下可能会有不同的含义。

Step 3 Reading 准备好四张卡片,让四位学生上台用身势语将卡片上内容表现出来。让其他学生作出选择,并解释选择的原因。通过这种方式一方面可以让学生学会用身势语表达自己。另一方面锻炼了口语。

Step 6 Dumb show

Think of some situations in your daily life in which you use body language and then try to act them out without any words. You can work in pairs or groups.

[设计说明] 学生以小组形式开展活动,讨论真实语境下的身势语的表达,通过这一话题,一方面激活了学生的思维,活跃了课堂气氛,另一方面也让学生学会了观察生活,从而学会生活;同时在表演结束后再让其他学生用英语描述表演者所表现的情景,培养观察身势语的能力,并在想象,猜测的过程中形成内心语言,最终用语言复述自己的思想。

Step 7 德育渗透

Do in Rome as Rome does [as the Romans do].

[谚]入国问禁, 入乡随俗。

Manners make the man.

礼貌造就人。

Good manners are the art of making those people easy with whom we converse. ---Jonathan Swift

礼貌周到是使同我们谈话的那些人感到自在的艺术。

——(英作家)斯威夫特

Step 7 Homework

1. Read the passage and try to recite it.

2. Finish Word study on page 60.

3. Try to know more about body language.

高中高二下册英语教案范文:Body language


课型设计与课时分配

1st period warming up(6.3-6.4)

2nd period Reading (I)(6.5)

3rd period Reading(II)(6.9)

4th period Language Study(6.10-6.11)

5th period Listening(6.12)

6th period Writing(6.13)

Ⅳ. 分课时教案

The First period warming up

Teaching goals 教学目标

1. Target Language目标语言

a. 重点词汇和短语

misunderstand, similar, facial, expression, agreement, yawn, chest, gesture, adult, punish

b. 重点句型或交际用语

Act out the following meanings, please.

please guess what I mean.

please show the actions, using body language.

Now it is your turn to show the action / gesture.

please use either spoken words or body language to express your ideas.

please use both spoken words and body language to express your ideas.

2. Ability goals能力目标

a. Enable the students to understand what a certain gesture of the body language means in a given situation.

b. Enable the students to act out some meanings, requirements, requests or situations given in the target language.

c. Enable the students to express with the target language the meanings given in body language.

3. Learning ability goals 学能目标

a. Help the students learn how to express themselves in body language when needed.

b. Help the students understand others when body language is being used.

Teaching important points教学重点

a. Teach the students how to understand body language used in different countries or cultures as well as in different occasions.

b. Teach the students how to use body language in the most appropriate occasions.

Teaching difficult points 教学难点

a. Enable the students to realize the importance of body language in communication so that little or no misunderstanding may occur.

b. Let the students know that there is both positive body language and negative body language.

Teaching methods教学方法

a. Inpidual work, pair work and group work.

b. Acting out by imitation, mime or with gestures and body movement.

Teaching aids教具准备

A computer, a projector and some pictures.

Teaching procedures be cheerful.

A V-shape of the fore-finger and middle finger May you succeed!

Or congratulations on your success!

A half-closed hand with thumb down I am not in favor of your idea or I’ll have to refuse you.

A wrinkling of the brow in thought or displeasure or a scowl She is worried.

Tears coming out of his eyes. He is very sad.

All smiles on her face She is very happy.

Waving their hands They are waving goodbye to people around.

A hand stretched out forward with strength He is stopping a tank.

people jump with their both hands stretched open in the air. They are cheering for the victory.

T: What are the actions of the above gestures? What do they mean?

S4: The first gesture is a handshake, which means “You’re welcome”.

S5: The second is a handclap, which means “Come on” or “Be cheerful” or something like that.

S6: The third one is a V-shaped posture of the first finger and the middle finger, which suggests a wish for the other or others to succeed.

S7: The fourth is a half-closed hand with the thumb down. It means the one who gives this gesture is against the other’s idea or simply refuses the request.

S8: The fifth is a worried look of a woman. She wrinkles her brows or frowns. It also seems that she scowls. It shows that she is worried or sad. In other words, she is unhappy.

S9: The sixth is a man shedding tears. Tears were running down his cheeks. He is very sad for losing his relatives or sad for his failure.

S10: The seventh is a smiling face. It is easy to see that she is very happy.

S11: The eighth is a gesture of waving hands. They are waving goodbye to people who are around to see them off.

S12: The ninth is a hand stretched out forward with great strength. The boy is trying to stop a tank from entering into his homeland.

S13: The tenth is hands stretched out upward. They are all very cheerful. They are wild with joy; maybe they have just won a game. So we can see that they are cheering for their victory.

T: You have all done a good job. So you see that there are many cases or situations in which body language can convey meanings as well as spoken or written languages. If you want to know more about it, let’s come to Unit 4 Body Language.

Step Ⅲ practice

T: Look at page 25.

What are these people communicating?

Step Ⅳ Time for Fun

T: Now let’s play a game in groups of four. One thinks of a situation and asks the others to show some actions using body language. When the one chooses the action that is most likely, it is his or her turn to think of some other situation for the others to show the actions so that the game may go on for a few rounds. Clear?

Ss: Yes. That’s funny!

T: Try to make the situations as interesting and enjoyable as you can. And show the situation as lively as possible. Besides, make sure that everyone has a turn.

Ss: All right.

S1: What are you likely to do if it rains?

(Actions) S2: reads a book;

S3: puts on a raincoat;

S4: cleans the house.

S1: Ok. I think S3 seems the most likely, so it is his turn.

S3: What are you likely to do if the river floods?

(Actions) S1: runs away as fast as he can;

S2: helps the younger or elder to escape as soon as possible;S4: climbs on to a tree.

S3: Ok. I think S2 seems the most likely, so it is her turn.

S2: What are you likely to do if the house catches fire?

(Actions) S1: fetches some water;

S3: tries to put it out with blooms;

S4: runs away as quickly as he can.

S2: Ok. I think S4 seems the most likely, so it is his turn.

S4: What are you likely to do if you meet with a fierce dog?

(Actions) S1: remains where he is and bends down, looking at the dog;

S3: tries to scare it away with small stones;

S4: runs away as quickly as possible.

S2: Ok. I think S1 seems the most likely, so we all have done a good job.

T: Yes. I couldn’t agree with you. Now, one more group.

Step V Role play (Speaking task on p67)

T: Now, there’s still a little time left. Let’s come to Speaking Task on page 67.

Homework

1. Team work: Discuss the importance of body language.

2. Go over the Reading:

1) Communication: No problem?

2) Showing our feeling.

T: I think you must have known something about these pictures. Yes, they are from a program of CCTV, the Evening party Celebrating the Spring Festival of 2005, the coming Lunar New Year of the Rooster. I think that was the best program. Do you remember the name of this program?

The second period Reading

The Second period Reading (I)

Teaching goals 教学目标

1. Target language目标语言

a. 词汇和短语

major, local, represent, curious, Columbia, introduce, approach, touch, cheek, stranger, spoken, express, action, Jordan, nod, general, avoid, comedy

b. 重点句子

Yesterday, another student and I , representing our university’s student association, went to the Capital International Airport to meet this year’ international students.

…I saw several young people enter the waiting area looking around curiously.

She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defence.

2. Ability goals能力目标

a. Enable the students to realize the importance of body language.

What is the purpose of language?

What is the purpose of body language?

How can you tell if someone is sad even if they do not speak?

How can you communicate a feeling to someone who does not speak your language?

b. Enable the students to understand the text.

Where are the visitors from?

How do Mr. Garcia from Columbia and Julia Smith from Britain response when they are introduced to each other?

What do Mr. Cook and the Japanese visitor do as they are introduced?

How can people express themselves besides their spoken language?

Do all cultures greet each other the same way?

Do English people and other Europeans act the same when they first meet?

Is a handshake very common in Japan?

Is a kiss often used in France when people meet?

Why are there different kinds of body language?

c. Enable the students to retell the text in their own words.

3. Learning ability goals 学能目标

Help the students learn how to explain the common idea—“different cultures, different body languages” with the target language in this unit.

Teaching important points 教学重点

How does body language differ among people from different cultures?

Teaching difficult points 教学难点

The understanding of the poorly-written reading text, especially the relationship awkwardly built up between “you” and the other people in the text, who are met by the awkward arrangement of the compilers of the textbook.

Teaching methods 教学方法

Skimming method, task-based method, role-play method.

Teaching aids 教具准备

A recorder, a projector and a computer.

Teaching procedures I’m sure there are more than two! Now who’d like to give the answer to the third question?

S4: Let me try, Sir / Madam. I’ll try to use body language to tell the other what I need urgently. I’ll do it by miming, by any proper posture, or gestures, even by drawing pictures.

T: You are smart! Now who’d like to do the last one. It is more challenging, right?

S5: I’d like to have a try, sir. Last summer I went on a study tour in the States. When I was on the way to

Los Angeles on the flight of the United Airlines, we stopped at Tokyo / Narita Airport in Japan for 3 hours. So I went into the shop at the airport, for I wanted to buy a digital camera. Of course I knew no Japanese, so I spoke to her in Chinese first and then in English. It seemed that she was at a loss when I spoke to her. Then I decided to try it in body language. I just pointed to the camera that I like most-Sony Cyber-shot DSC-p100. The salesgirl spoke to me in Japanese this time but I couldn’t understand a word of it. So I shook my head and kept pointing at the camera. Finally I reached her understanding and she took out the camera I wanted to buy. I examined it for a little while and asked her the price of it by drawing a big “?” in the air with my forefinger. She took out her calculator and put in the price. The price was reasonable and I decided to take it. I paid for it and the salesgirl bowed to me again and again.

T: Wonderful! Thank you for telling us so interesting a true story and giving us so good an example of body language.

Step Ⅲ While-reading

1. Scanning

While reading, please try to pide the whole passage into several parts and find out the main idea.

part 1 para 1

You are sent to Capital International Airport to meet this year’s international students.

part 2 (para. 2 and 3 )

Examples of learned or cultural “body language”.

part 3. (para. 4 )

Different peoples have different body languages.

part 4. (para. 5)

Summary of body language.

Read the text carefully, then decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F).

Englishmen often stand close to others or touch strangers as soon as they meet.

Most people around the world now greet each other by kissing .

Japanese will bow to others as greeting.

people from Jordan will move very close to you as you introduce yourself to them.

Some body languages in some countries are good while some countries’ body language are bad.

Step IV post reading

1. Is the author of this passage male or female? How do you know ?

The author is male. Ahmed Aziz will not shake hands with women, but he shakes hands with the author.

2.What were the two mistakes that the author noticed?

He noticed that the Colombian man kissed the British woman, but in her culture, a kiss from a stranger is not acceptable. He also noticed that the Japanese man bowed just as the Canadian man started to shake hands, so one man’s nose touched the other man’s hand.

3. Who seemed to prefer to keep more physical distance from others? Who seemed to prefer closer physical distance ?

The British woman, Julia, and probably the Canadian man, George, seemed to prefer to keep more physical distance from others. The Colombian man, Tony, and the Jordanian man, Ahmed, seemed to prefer closer physical distance .

4. Did any students have similar greeting customs? If so, which ones?

Yes. Tony from Colombia and Darlene from France had a similar greeting custom-a kiss. George from Canada and Ahmed from Jordan also had a similar greeting custom-a handshake, but Ahmed shakes hands only with men.

5. “ When in Rome, do as the Romans do.” What do you think this famous saying means?

This saying means that when we are in a certain place, we should follow the customs of the people who live in that place, not our own customs.

6. Do you agree with the author’s statement that body language is not good or bad? Why or why not?

Students will give their own answers.

Step Ⅴ Homework

1. Get ready to retell the text in your own words.

高中高二下册历史促进民族大融合教案


一、教材分析

【课程标准】

北魏孝文帝改革的影响及评价。

【教学目标】

1、知识与能力

(1)识记:农业、手工业、商业的表现;尊儒崇经,兴办学校;恢复汉族礼仪制度;采纳汉族封建统治制度;汉族风俗习惯成为社会风俗习惯的主体;鲜卑族的文化精华融入汉族文化中;

(2)孝文帝改革后北魏社会在经济、政治、风俗习惯的变化及它们之间相互关系;认识经济的复苏和繁荣,政权封建化,民族的交流与融合这三个方面不是孤立的,而是相对联系的;

(3)探究孝文帝改革的最重要的历史意义在于促进了北方以鲜卑族为中心的民族大融合,消除了民族隔阂,为国家由分裂到统一奠定了基础。培养学生概括分析史实的能力和提高学生的论证和表达能力。

2、过程与方法:

(1)小组讨论:通过对北魏孝文帝历史作用的分析,培养学生对历史现象的辩证分析、比较能力,以及提高学生运用正确历史观评价历史任务的能力;

(2)查找有关孝文帝资料:认识孝文帝改革和民族融合推动了中华民族的发展和中华文明的进步,民族团结和民族统一是历史发展的潮流;

3、情感态度与价值观

(1)通过本节课的学习,使学生认识到改革是社会发展的动力之一,还应看到其锐意改革、不断创新的精神,与时俱进是一个国家、民族不断进步的灵魂;

(2)孝文帝改革在历影响深远,促进了民族大融合,进而认识到孝文帝是古代少数民族杰出的政治家、改革家。是中华民族的千古功臣;

(3)课堂讨论孝文帝改革和民族大融合推动了中华民族的发展和中华文明的进步;民族团结和民族统一是历史发展的潮流。

【教学重难点】

重点:孝文帝改革对政权封建化进程的作用。

难点:孝文帝改革对民族融合和国家统一的历史意义。

【教学建议】

本课教材从三个方面向学生介绍了孝文帝改革后的影响:经济的复苏和繁荣,政权封建化,民族的交流与融合。这三个方面不是孤立的而是相互联系的:孝文帝改革推行均田制、三长制及租调制,把农民与土地紧密结合起来,使鲜卑的牧民转化为农民,扩大和巩固了自耕农队伍,经济得到了恢复与发展,促进了民族融合。生产、生活方式的变化推动了鲜卑族统治者接受汉族先进文化与制度,如兴儒学、恢复汉族礼乐制度、定官制、修律令等,大大加速了政权封建化进程。孝文帝移风易俗的改革和经济、政治的变化又使鲜卑族等少数民族与汉族交往密切、交流频繁,风俗习惯逐渐趋同化,汉族的风俗习惯成为整个社会风俗习惯的主体,同时鲜卑族原有的文化精华也融入汉族文化之中。建议教师通过探究问题、分析图片和课堂讨论的形式让学生认识这三方面的相互关系,把握本课的中心和线索,进而高屋建瓴地认识到中华民族是多民族的统一体,民族融合是中华民族形成的重要过程,孝文帝改革是促进民族大融合的一项力措,使学生体会到孝文帝是一位杰出的少数民族政治家、改革家,加强了这堂课的思想性。

二、教学过程:

新课导入:

利用教材中的引言导入新课:

教师先出示山西大同云冈石窟和河南龙门石窟的两幅佛像图片。

师:通过这些图片,你从中获得哪些历史信息?

生1:北魏佛教文化的兴盛。

生2:北魏石窟艺术的发展。

生3:孝文帝改革前后佛像的迥异。……

师:这些作品的艺术风格有何不同?说明了什么问题?

生1:云冈石窟的佛像主要是北魏时期开凿的,这些雕像共同的特征是:面相丰满,目大眉长,鼻梁高隆,直通额际,口唇较薄,嘴角微微上翘,呈微笑之意,肩宽胸挺,躯肢浑厚健壮,神态温静具有伟丈夫的气概。体貌表现了少数民族的特征。

生2:龙门石窟的佛教造像面容清瘦,褒衣博带,性格爽朗,风神飘逸,从侧面反映了孝文帝孝文帝迁都后,大力推行汉化,带有明显的汉族文化的特征。

师:对,从上面两幅佛像造型看出,北魏孝文帝改革前后所发生的重大变化。那么,除了服饰变化外,孝文帝的改革还引起了哪些方面的变化呢?由此导入新课。

讲授新课

北魏孝文帝改革的主要影响

(一)经济的复苏和繁荣:

1、农牧业的发展:

(1)表现:

①生产工具的改进:整地碎土工具的复杂化与精耕细作;

②耕作技术的提高:“宁可少好,不可多恶”,“顷不比亩善”;

③重视兴修水利:有水田之处通渠灌溉;

④经济作物和畜牧业的发展;

⑤荒地得到更多地开垦,粮食产量提高,人口增殖。

(2)原因:

①政府政策的调整即孝文帝改革推行的均田制、三长制和租调制;

②民族大融合的影响;

③农业生产力的发展包括生产工具的改进,耕作技术的进步,水利设施的兴修等

2、手工业的成就:

(1)表现:

①丝织业发展达到魏晋以来的水平:绢布产量大增,府存绢帛多;

②制瓷业的发展对唐宋时期北方瓷器的繁盛有直接影响:

北魏迁都洛阳以后,制瓷业又发展起来。北方青瓷在造型、胎釉、纹饰等方面与南方不同,一般器型较大,以尊、瓶、罐、钵之类居多。胎体厚重,胎色灰白,釉较厚,玻璃质强,流动性大,器表往往有玻璃质流珠现象。器物多以莲花瓣纹、忍冬纹作装饰,装饰方法有堆贴、模印、刻划多种。北方青瓷的莲花纹饰与佛教的盛行关系密切。

(2)原因:农业、商业的发展,孝文帝的扶持政策。

3、商业活动的活跃:

(1)表现:

①洛阳大市场的繁荣:设有专门管理贸易和税收的官吏;货源充足、交易活跃,商人实力雄厚。如市场上金银、锦绣、瓷器、漆器等,应有尽有;全城十多万户居民中,有上万户来自各地的商人,其中包括来自远方异国的商人。

②重新铸造铜钱;

③对外贸易有长足发展:与朝鲜半岛诸国、日本以及地中海沿岸国家都有贸易往来。

(2)原因:农业和手工业的发展;孝文帝铸造铜钱,重视和支持商业。

(二)政权封建化的加速:

1、措施:

①尊儒崇经,兴办学校:孝文帝从小熟读儒家经典,建孔庙并亲自祭拜,起用儒家人士,兴办太学,教授儒家经典,培养人才。儒家文化是汉文化的主体,儒学既重外在的行为规范又重内在道德的自律,维护了封建统治和社会秩序的稳定。

②恢复汉族礼乐制度:所谓礼乐制度是周代最早对“礼”(祭祀、朝食等仪式)和“乐”(伴随“礼”进行的乐舞)作出规定的制度,是对宗法制和等级制的强调和固定。孔子对礼乐制度加以系统的理论说明,提出“仁”的理念,高扬仁爱与和谐的思想,用以提升和深化已有的礼乐文化,使礼乐文化进一步成为礼仪文化,历代统治者沿用这一制度来维护统治。孝文帝制定各种礼仪制度,废置鲜卑族的祭祀礼仪,改用汉族的祭祀礼仪,加速了政权的封建化,最终维护鲜卑族的统治。③采纳汉族封建统治制度:孝文帝仿汉官制,制定北魏官制。修律令,废除一些带有奴隶制成份的落后残酷的法律,保证了汉化政策与制度的施行。

2、影响:北魏统治者接受了汉族先进文化与制度,大大加速了北魏政权的封建化进程,对北魏的政治生活乃至整个中国历史产生了深远影响。

(三)民族的交流与融合:

1、表现:

(1)生活习惯的汉化:即三个变化——

①鲜卑族经济方式的变化:鲜卑族筑起简陋的房舍,经营小块土地,最终脱离了游牧生活和部落联系,开始转向中原汉族的农业文明。

②鲜卑族的阶级成分的变化:迁居洛阳的鲜卑族劳动者陆续成为中原的农民,贵族占领良田成为中原的封建地主,有的还兼事工商业。

③生活习惯也发生变化:汉族风俗习惯成为整个封建社会风俗习惯的主体。

(2)鲜卑族优秀文化的融入:

①鲜卑族畜牧业生产经验的融入:如北魏贾思勰写的《齐民要术》,总结了北方先进的农牧业生产经验,对北方的经济生产起着一定的影响。

②服饰与风俗的融入:如诗歌描写汉族女子“褰裙逐马如卷蓬,左射右射必叠双”。

③食物的融入:如教材插图《汉人胡食画像砖》就是明证。

2、影响:北魏孝文帝改革缓和了民族矛盾,巩固了封建统治,更促进了民族的大融合,为结束长期分裂局面,重新走向国家统一奠定了基础。

【合作探究】今天我们吃着烤羊肉串,徜徉在云冈石窟中,遥想当年鲜卑人叱咤风云、横扫天下的气势,他们作为单一的民族消失了,从这个角度上说孝文帝或许被称为历史的罪人,但孝文帝的改革顺应了民族融合的大趋势,推动以鲜卑族为中心的北方少数民族的汉化进程,为中华民族注入了新鲜血液,鲜卑族及鲜卑文明在一个民族大家庭里也得到了永生。我们又谁能说得清自己身上是否流淌着鲜卑族人的血液?中华民族千百年来的凝聚力就是来自于历无数次的民族融合。

请大家结合孝文帝改革的三节内容,分析孝文帝改革成功的原因是什么?对我们今天的改革有何启示?谈谈你对孝文帝改革的评价。

提示:

成功的原因:

①改革顺应了时代潮流;

②符合民族融合趋势和各族人民的愿望;

③符合统治者巩固统治的需要;

④孝文帝的胆略和卓越见识,冲破阻力,毅然改革。

认识:

①先进必然战胜落后;

②改革必须符合历史潮流、顺应民意;

③任何改革都不是一帆风顺;

④民族融合与孝文帝改革互为因果关系的。

评价:

孝文帝改革促进了北方经济的复苏和繁荣,加强了民族大融合,为国家结束分裂、走向统一和封建社会的繁荣奠定了基础。孝文帝是我国少数民族中杰出的政治家、改革家,是中华民族的千古功臣。

教学小结:

北魏孝文帝在阶级矛盾和民族矛盾尖锐的情况下积极地、主动地、彻底地进行了一系列改革,这场改革是由冯太后和孝文帝自上而下掀起的一次改变北魏社会面貌的封建化改革运动,它使鲜卑族发生了根本性的变化:社会制度封建化、生产方式农业化、风俗习惯汉族化,从而有利于北方经济的发展,缓和了民族矛盾,巩固了封建统治,加强了民族大融合,为国家结束分裂、走向统一和封建社会的繁荣奠定了基础。孝文帝是我国少数民族中杰出的政治家、改革家,是中华民族的千古功臣。

三、问题解答:

学思之窗:

北魏的贵族大都经商的事实,说明了什么问题?

参考答案提示:北魏商业繁荣,商品经济深入人心;鲜卑族逐渐汉化。

本课测评:

1、北魏孝文帝实施改革后,北魏的社会经济出现了哪些变化?这些变化对北魏社会历史的发展又具有什么样的影响?

参考答案提示:社会经济的变化

农业:荒地得到开垦,粮食产量提高,人口增加,耕作技术提高,畜牧业发达。

手工业活跃:民间和官办手工业发展快,绢布产量增加且工艺精湛,北方青瓷出现。

商业活动活跃:洛阳出现许多大市场,货源充足,交易活跃,对外贸易远达西方国家。

影响:经济的变化推动了鲜卑族的游牧经济向农耕经济的转型,增加了国家收入;经济的变化促使孝文帝进一步接受汉族先进文化与制度,加速政权的封建化进程,巩固了封建统治;经济的变化促进了民族大融合,使鲜卑族等少数民族成为汉族一部分,为中华民族注入了新鲜血液。

2、为什么说孝文帝改革的最重要历史意义在于它促进了中国北方地区的民族大融合,并为隋唐时期国家重新实现统一奠定了基础?

参考答案提示:孝文帝改革是在民族矛盾和社会矛盾尖锐的情况下为发展生产,巩固统治而进行的自上而下的改革。经济上推行均田制和租调制,农业成为经济的主要成分,使游牧为主的鲜卑族变为农民,促进了经济的复苏与繁荣;政治上迁都、实行官吏俸禄制,整顿吏治,设立三长制,采纳汉族封建统治制度,这些措施加强了国家管理,巩固了统治,团结了汉族地主,有力地推动了政权的“汉化”。文化和风俗习惯上全面接受汉族先进文化,移风易俗。这些措施促进了鲜卑族人对汉族文化的认同,加强了民族的交流与融合。孝文帝改革使鲜卑族最终融于汉族之中,有力地推动了中华民族的形成与发展。同时,南北之间民族隔阂的消除,北方经济的繁荣,为隋唐时期国家的重新统一奠定了基础。

学习延伸:

1、(略)

2、争鸣:

对孝文帝改革的意义,学术界基本持肯定态度,但也不乏不同声音。499年孝文帝去世后,北魏即进入内部动乱不已的多事之秋,二十余年之后,爆发了六镇起义,再过十余年,北魏分裂为东魏、西魏二国,实权分别落入高欢、宇文泰之手。因此,有学者认为造成北魏后来局面的根源,实际上可以追溯到孝文帝改革。因为,孝文帝舍平城迁洛阳,改鲜卑武勇之风为汉人文弱之风,进一步削弱北魏军事力量,这是他终不能强大魏国的重要原因。并说孝文帝的改革,学来的主要是汉人的繁文缛节,丢掉的恰恰是拓拔的长处——勇武质朴,这就加速了北魏的衰亡。

你同意上述见解吗?谈谈你的看法。

答(1)同意。在孝文帝统治期间,他通过 改革,学习汉人的生产和生活方式,用汉人的文化改造了鲜卑族,这些措施使鲜卑族丢弃了本民族的特色,导致了鲜卑族军事力量的衰退和统治力量的削弱,加速了北魏的衰亡。

(2)不同意。迁都洛阳后,鲜卑族在孝文帝改革的推动下,其统治者接受了汉族先进的文化与制度,大大加速了北魏政权封建化的进程,促进了北方经济的恢复和发展,更为重要的是改革促进了北方民族的大融合,为隋唐时期结束长期分裂局面,重新走向国家统一奠定了基础。因此,对孝文帝改革应充分肯定, 孝文帝是我国历杰出的少数民族政治家、改革家。

单元学习小结

一、重要概念简释

【均田制】

北魏时期实行的国有和私有相结合的封建土地制度。主要内容是国家把荒地分给丁男露田40亩,妇女20亩;丁男受桑田20亩。露田在农民60岁免课赋或身死时归还政府;桑田传给子孙。地主按级别也分给公田。均田制的实行,把农民与土地结合起来,在一定程度上抑制了土地兼并,调动了农民积极性,有利于农业的发展和社会的稳定。同时推动着鲜卑族经济的转型,加强了民族大融合。

【三长制】

北魏的基层行政组织制度。为配合均田制的实行,北魏统治者规定:五家立一邻长;五邻设一里长;五里设一党长。它的职责是检查户口,征收赋税,征发徭役和兵役,推行均田制。它的推行,健全了县以下的地方基层政权,完善了国家从中央到地方的行政体制,保证了国家对人民的控制,巩固了北魏的统治。

【“汉化”措施】

北魏统治者实行的推动鲜卑族向汉族同化的措施。孝文帝基于对汉族先进文化优越性的认识和巩固统治的需要出发而自觉主动地实行的一系列改革措施。通过这些措施,从生产、社会制度、风俗习惯等全面接受汉族文化,大大促进了民族融合,为结束南北分裂奠定了基础。促进了中华民族的形成与发展。

【迁都洛阳】

为加强对中原地区的统治,减少改革的阻力,孝文帝决定把首都从经济落后、地理环境偏远的平城迁往中原的政治经济文化中心洛阳。孝文帝克服阻力,设巧计迁都。迁都洛阳,为孝文帝进一步的改革奠定了基础。

二、归纳与总结

【单元内容小结】

5世纪,北魏统一了黄河流域。当时民族矛盾和阶级矛盾尖锐,统治者面临着严重的统治危机。为缓和民族矛盾,发展生产,巩固统治。基于对汉族文化优越性的认识,北魏统治者孝文帝自觉地、主动地进行了大刀阔斧的改革。主要内容为实行官吏俸禄制、均田制、三长制;恢复汉族礼乐制度,采纳汉族封建统治制度;迁都洛阳,移风易俗;尊儒崇经等。改革推动了北方经济的复苏与繁荣;争取到了汉族地主阶级的合作与拥护,巩固了北魏的统治;改革使鲜卑族全面汉化,消除了民族隔阂,推动了鲜卑族为中心的北方少数民族的大融合,为国家重新统一奠定了基础。同时,鲜卑族等少数民族的文化精华也融入汉文化中,为隋唐封建社会的繁荣创造了条件,推动了中华民族的发展。

三、历史感悟(略)

高中高二下册政治教学计划


一、教学工作指导思想
在本学期的实际教学工作中继续贯彻新课程标准的理念,全面提高学生的整体素质,同时更是为小高考做好一切准备。针对学生的实际情况和小高考的情况,实现有效地教学,全面提高教学质量的教学工作目标。
二、主要的措施
1、立足新课程标准和考试大纲,明确课标和考试大纲的精神和要求
高二下学期政治教学计划通过认真地研究新课程标准和考试大纲的要求,准确把握它们的总目标和分类目标,明确新课程标准的目的要求和考试大纲的考试等级要求,为有效提高课堂的效能提供保障。
2、注重实干,认真做好日常的教学工作,提高课堂教学的效果
(1)认真研读教材,在处理教材的时候一定要处理好深度与广度,在合理处理的基础上,制定教学的计划。
(2)要能在教学的过程中适当灵活地运用自身的教学特长,以帮助学生更好地提高自身的政治学习兴趣,使学生能真正“亲其师信其道”
(3)注重导学案的编制,在编制的过程中要能体现教学的重难点,同时要能有一定试题的体现,试题要精选、精练。
(4)教学过程中不仅仅要教授学生书本的理论内容,更要注重加强学法和解题方法的指导,注重培养学生自己独立分析问题、解决问题的能力,使学生能真正的学以致用,让学生能够找到一套适合自己的科学的学习方法,以更好地提高自己的学习效果。
(5)对自己在备课过程中发现的问题以及教学过程中发现的不足,要能在课后进行积极地思考和反思,同时注重加强交流,以更好的改进教学,促进教学效果,提高学生的学习成绩。
(6)对于平时的单元练习卷和阶段性测试卷,要能根据教学目标要求及学生的实际情况,一部分筛选、改编自各类相关资料,一部分要能自己命题。讲解不必要全讲,集中对出错率较多的问题进行精讲。同时注重在课后加强抽查,能在每节课前利用5分钟左右的时间进行抽查。

高中高二下册语文教案设计:故都的秋


学习目标
1、字:柘zhe 椽chuán 檩lǐn
2、词:落寞 秋士 幽远
3、了解文章“景”与“情”和谐统一的写作特点,联系写作背景,体会作者在秋景中所寄托的感情。
4、了解散文“形散而神不散”的特点。联系文中所写的五幅秋景图,进一步掌握散文“形”与“神”的关系。
5、体会作者以情驭景,以景显情所创设的“物”“我”之间完美的融合与统一。
6、了解郁达夫及其作品。了解《故都的秋》的艺术特色。
教学重点:
把握文章以情驭景,以景显情,情景交融的特点,领略故都的秋声、秋色、秋味。
教学难点
理解作者为何回避暖色闹景,为何写北国之外的南国之秋。
教学时间: 2课时
第一课时
学习目标:
初读课文,了解课文大意,理清课文结构。
教学过程 :
一、 导入 课文
一年四季中,春天是妩媚的,她常给人以艳丽动人的美,所以,纵然是客居他乡、彻夜难眠,在《临安春雨初霁》中,陆游还会给我们留下“小楼一夜听春雨,深巷明朝卖杏花”的名句;而夏天常常是热情的,她给人以无穷的回味,所以漫步“沉淀着彩虹似的梦”的康桥,在《再别康桥》中,徐志摩先生要慢吟轻咏:“但我不能放歌,悄悄是别离的笙箫;夏虫也为我沉默,沉默是今晚的康桥。”
那么,秋天呢?(学生谈自己的感受)
我说秋天是多姿多彩的------
有人独立于橘子洲头,看到的是“万山红遍,层林尽染,……万类霜天竞自由”,秋日里,*读到的是壮丽。
有人登高,笔下出现了“风急天高猿啸哀,渚清沙白鸟飞回。无边落木萧萧下,不尽长江滚滚来。”(杜甫《登高》)的景象,秋风中,杜甫读到的是悲凉。
有人在秋中徘徊,目之所及是“寒蝉凄切,对长亭晚,骤雨初歇”和“杨柳岸晓风残月。”(柳永《雨霖铃》)秋雨里,柳永读到的是凄苦。
不同的人,他们眼里的秋景不同,因为心里的情感有别,“一片自然风景就是一个心灵的世界”。今天我们学习郁达夫的《故都的秋》,看看作者读到的是什么?
二、简介作者及写作背景。
郁达夫(1896~1945),现代作家。浙江省富阳县人。1913年留学日本,曾广泛涉猎外国文学,深受近代欧洲、日本各种社会思潮和文艺作品的熏陶。1922年回国,从事文学创作活动,与郭沫若、成仿吾等组织了“创造社”并曾在北京大学、武昌师范大学、中山大学任教。1930年参加中国左翼作家联盟。抗日战争爆发后,赴武汉投入抗日救亡运动。1938年底赴新加坡,从事报刊编辑和抗日救亡工作。1942年流亡到苏门答腊,化名赵廉隐居下来。不久,当地日本宪兵部强迫他去当翻译,他利用这个身份,暗中保护和营救了不少当地志士和华侨,并获悉了日本宪兵部许多秘密罪行。1945年日本投降后被日本宪兵秘密杀害。1952年,中央人民政府追认他为“为民族解放殉难的战士”,并在他的家乡建亭纪念。
主要作品有短篇小说《沉沦》、《春风沉醉的晚上》、《薄奠》、《出奔》、《她是一个弱女子》、《茫茫夜》等,在不同程度上揭露了旧社会的罪恶,向封建道德大胆挑战,有一定的积极意义。但也带有颓废情绪。散文以游记著称,情景交融,文笔优美,自成一家。出版有《达夫全集》(七卷)、《达夫散文集》、《达夫游记》、《达夫日记》和《郁达夫选集》等。
从1921年9月至1933年3月,郁达夫用相当大的精力参加左翼文艺活动和进行创作。由于国民党白色恐怖的威胁等原因,郁达夫从1933年4月由上海迁居杭州,1936年2月离杭赴福州,在杭州居住了近三年。在这段时间里,他思想苦闷,创作枯竭,过的是一种闲散安逸的生活,并花了许多时间到处游山玩水,在一定程度上也是为了排遣现实带给他的苦闷和离群索居的寂寞。在游山玩水的过程中,写了许多游记,这是他在这段时期创作的主要收获,为我国现代游记的发展作出了贡献。1934年7月为“避暑”与夫人王映霞儿子郁飞上青岛住了一个月,随后又到北平再次饱尝了故都的秋“味”。8月16日接《人间世》编辑催稿信,于17日的晨为“坐索”的王佘杞写了两千个字,题名:‘故都的秋’,这是一篇优美的散文。
时代背景:
1933年,由于国内政治的不堪,郁达夫从由上海迁居杭州,思想苦闷,创作枯竭,曾希望闲散安逸的生活却不可得。
三、放多媒体朗读
四、探讨课文内容
1、找出文章的文眼(中心句,总领句)
“可是啊,北国的秋,却特别地来得清,来得静,来得悲凉。”(板书:清、静、悲凉)
2、齐读三、四、五段,思考哪些地方突出了“清、静、悲凉”。
“清”指清闲。坐在院子里,手捧浓茶,举头望碧空,细数着一丝一丝漏下来的日光,俯身看牵牛,听驯鸽的飞声。清闲之人才有这样的闲心。“扫街的在树影下一阵扫后,灰土上留下来的一条条扫帚的丝纹,看起来既觉得细腻,又觉得清闲。”有空闲才能细细地清扫,有闲心才能细细的观察。清闲的秋境正合闲适的心境。
“静”指安静。“像花而又不是花的那一种落蕊,早晨起来,会铺得满地。脚踏上去,声音也没有,气味也没有,只能感出一点点极微细极柔软的触觉。”满地铺花,是观察形象;脚踏落蕊,写触觉感受。这里没有人声,万籁俱寂,静到“只能感出一点点极微细极柔软的触觉”,可见静到了极点。这是境的宁静,也是心的宁静。
“听得到青天下驯鸽的飞声。”(这是境的宁静);“细数着一丝一丝漏下来的日光”、“静对着像喇叭似的牵牛花”(这是心的宁静)。“一椽破屋”、“破壁腰”(境的悲凉。)
“扫街的在树影下一阵扫后,灰土上留下来的一条条扫帚的丝纹,看起来既觉得细腻,又觉得清闲,潜意识下并且还觉得有点儿落寞。”(这里有境的宁静,也有心的悲凉。)
“秋蝉的衰弱的残声”是十分细微的声音,能听到这样的声音,说明环境的幽静。“鸟鸣山更幽”,写秋蝉的啼唱能够以响衬静。
“悲凉”是秋景引发的心理感受。写“租人家一椽破屋来住着”,“在破壁腰中,静对着”蓝色的牵牛花,破败景象中显出“悲凉”之情来。槐树的落蕊被扫掉,槐树失去了夏日的繁华,秋蝉以衰弱的蝉声,啼唱着即将消逝的生命,令作者感到萧索的秋意。牵牛秋草是作者心造的秋景。红色是暖色调,适于表现兴奋、快乐的情绪,所以淡红的牵牛花被作者列为下等。蓝白紫黑是冷色调,适于表现忧郁悲凉等感情,正合作者悲凉的心境。但紫黑色过于浓烈,不如浅淡的蓝色或白色更能适合淡淡的哀愁,所以作者选中了“蓝朵”。作者还喜欢疏疏落落尖细而长的秋草,因为它稀疏零落、枯瘦憔悴的形态、色彩更适合落寞的秋情。作者根据自己的审美情趣勾勒出一幅凄清的秋花秋草图。
3、体会作者以情驭景,以景显情所创设的“物”“我”之间完美的融合与统一。
那“很高很高碧绿的天色”、“青天下的驯鸽”、古槐下的“落蕊”、破壁腰中的牵牛花、牵牛花旁的疏落的秋草、一条条扫帚的丝纹、秋蝉的残声、息利索落的秋雨、人声、果树,都是作者的思想感情“筛选”出来的景物。这些景物是北平到处可见的景物,它们的“客观色彩”是真实的;但这些真实的景物又正好能反映作者对“故都之秋”的“清、静、悲凉”的认识和感受,也正好能表现作者的真情和忧思、孤寂的冷落之感,因此,这些景物又带上了作者的“主观色彩”。这是所谓的“以情驭景,以景显情,情景交融”。
4、从全文看,“故都的秋”表现在哪里?
作者笔下的故都的秋,在小院中每座低矮的破屋内外;在秋槐的每一朵落蕊里;在秋蝉的每一声残鸣中;在秋雨的每一个雨点中;在秋枣的每一丝微黄里;也在那故都闲人充满了京腔的互答声中。作者主要刻划了五种景况:清晨静观、落蕊轻扫、秋蝉残鸣、闲话秋雨、佳日胜果。(幻灯:秋院、秋槐、秋蝉、秋雨、秋果)
5、本文题目是“故都的秋”,作者为什么在文中多次写到南国之秋呢?
写南国的秋,是为了南北对比,以“南”衬“北”。作者以江南之秋“草木雕得慢,空气来得润,天的颜色显得淡,并且又时常多雨而少风”来衬托北国的秋,“特别地来得清,来得静,来得悲凉”。以南国之秋的“淡”来衬托北国之秋的“浓”,以这秋的深味在南方“尝不透”,来同非要在北方“才感受得到底”作对比,这样,南北对比、衬托,突出了故都的秋感人至深。
幻灯:“慢”、“润”、“淡”。
五、分析课文结构
本文分为总起、分写、总括三部分。总起(第1、2段)总写作者对北国、江南之秋的不同感受,表达对北国之秋的向往之情。接着分写部分(从“不逢北国之秋”到“才感受得到底”)从记叙和议论两方面记叙故都纷繁多彩的秋天景象,赞美北国之秋。记叙部分,采用并列结构,根据“清”、“静”、“悲凉”这一特色上的联系,逐一描述了故都的自然风物,共有五种景况,即清晨静观、落蕊轻扫、秋蝉残鸣、都市闲人、胜日秋果;。议论部分,从理喻的角度,进一步赞颂秋,赞颂北国的秋。最后总括全文,与总起部分照应,再次强调南国之秋的色味不及北国之秋,直抒作者对故都之秋无比眷恋之情。
幻灯显示
①北国之秋 清 静 悲凉
1.总起
②江南之秋 慢 润 淡 多雨少风
①清晨静观
②落蕊轻扫
故 记叙 ③秋蝉残声 前
都 2.分写 ④秋雨话凉 后
的 ⑤枣树奇景 呼
秋 议论:凡是有情趣的人,对于秋 应
总是一样地能引起深沉、
幽远、严厉、萧索的感觉
①写南国之秋的色味比不上北国之秋
3.总写
②直抒作者对故都之秋无比眷恋之情
第二课时
学习目标:
赏析课文。
教学过程 :
一、课堂讨论
1、 作者为何将“淡红色”的牵牛花视为最次?
因为“红”的暗色调不符合作者悲凉的心境。
2、本文写故都的秋天,为什么不详写故都秋天的风景?
作者不写北平的风景区,单写院落街巷的景象,是与作者的心绪、思想以及对北国之秋的认识紧密相关的。作者所要追求的是北国之秋的“清、静、悲凉”,游人云集的风景还是难以表现的;其次,要真正表现故都之秋,离开了普遍存在的景象,专门描写风景区,也失去了“故都之秋”的代表性;再次,把人们司空见惯的景象中的味、色、意境与姿态挖掘出来,往往更能深切感人,使人更深刻地体味到北平的秋“味”,达到强烈的艺术效果。
3、本文的“形”是什么?“神”是什么?“形”与“神”的结合点是什么?
本文的“形”是故都的自然风物,具体说就是那五幅秋色图。“神”是赞美故都的自然风物,抒发向往、眷恋故都之秋的真情,流露出深远的忧思和孤独感。“结合点”是“清”、“静”、“悲凉
4、文中写了“青天下驯鸽的飞声”、“秋蝉的衰弱的残声”、“息列索落”的雨声,“缓慢悠闲”的人声,同样能给人幽静的感觉,这是什么原因?
这是运用了衬托的手法,以动衬静,以有声衬无声,“青天下驯鸽的飞声”……等等,都是细小声音,能听到这些细小的声音,就能给人幽静的感觉,说明这个地方寂静无声。
二、引导学生分析重点语句
1、早晨起来,泡一碗浓茶,向院子一坐,你也能看得到很高很高的碧绿的天色,听得到青天下驯鸽的飞声。从槐树叶底,朝东细数着一丝一丝漏下来的日光,或在破壁腰中,静对着像喇叭似的牵牛花(朝荣)的蓝朵,自然而然地也能感觉到十分的秋意。
这里写了视觉形象、听觉形象。景物写得非常细致,如“一丝—丝漏下来的日光”“像喇叭似的牵牛花(朝荣)的蓝朵”;也写了观景、赏景的心态、动作,如“细数”“静对”,透露出悠闲、惬意。总起来说,表现了作者热爱故都之秋的情怀。
2、北国的槐树,也是一种能使人联想起秋来的点缀。像花而又不是花的那一种落蕊,早晨起来,会铺得满地。脚踏上去,声音也没有,气味也没有,只能感出一点点极微细极柔软的触觉。
这里写了视觉形象、触觉形象。花铺满地,写视觉形象;脚踏花地,写触觉感受。写触觉,更给读者以逼真的感受。这里寂静无人,斯人独徘徊,无人可与交流,便只有与自然相交融。揣摩作者的心境,大约是欣喜的,又是寂寞的。
三、研读探究
1、作者是怎样将自己的主观感情与生动的景物描写有机地结合在一起的?
作者所处的社会环境,在他内心投下了忧虑和冷落的阴影,他追求“清”“静”,并笼罩着淡淡的“悲凉”。正因为这样,他言下的秋味、秋色和秋的意境与姿态,自然也笼罩了一层主观感情色彩。本文能表现感情基调的词语是“清”“静”“悲凉”,作者是通过所选取的不同景物,从不同侧面同时加以渲染和刻画的,而不是分别描写的。
作者将苦涩的“品味”与生动的景物描写有机地结合在一起,创造出一种特殊的神韵。他不写故都皇家宫殿、园林,也不写远近郊区众多优美的自然风光,那些景致虽然也代表了故都的特色,但似乎离老百姓生活很遥远。他只是依凭一个普通文化人士的眼光来观察和体验故都之秋,他笔下的秋味、秋色和秋的意境与姿态,都笼罩着一层奇异的主观色彩。例如写“租人家一椽破屋来住着”,“在破壁腰中,静对着”蓝色的牵牛花,从寻常景象甚至破败景象中看出、体验出美来。写“北国的槐树”的落蕊,“脚踏上去声音也没有,气味也没有,只能感出一点点极微细极柔软的触觉”,写“灰土上留下来的一条条扫帚的丝纹,看起来既觉得细腻,又觉得清闲,潜意识下并且还觉得有点儿落寞”,这些细腻而独特的感受、忧郁而优美的情怀,恐怕只有郁达夫这样一个具有平民倾向又饱受颠沛流离之苦的读书人才能体验得到,才能表现得细腻而深刻。最能表现情景一体的是“清”“静”“悲凉”的描述。“清”“静”,既是对客观景物特点的描写和总结,又是作者内心的感受;“悲凉”,则更多的是作者的主观感受,与景物既有联系又无必然联系(因为感秋可生悲也生喜,悲者未必从秋景得来)。“清”“静”是大多数散文家能感悟得到和写得出的,未必见得奇妙,而“悲凉”则属于郁达夫一人独有,最见奇妙。总之,本文情意浓厚。以抒发内心感受入主,写景并不像其他作家的散文名篇那样占有很多篇幅。在这一点上可与《荷塘月色》对比,《荷》文写景似用工笔,精描细绘,景物给人留下深刻印象,情为景所藏所掩;本文则略于写景,尽力抒情,文情更给人以亲切感、厚重感。
2、关于这篇文章的感情基调,有两种完全不同一理解:有人认为本文是颂秋的,但也有人认为是悲秋的。你认为呢?说说你的理由。
教者认为:本文是用深沉的忧思和落寞的悲凉来颂秋的。开头就可以读到这样的句子:“秋天,无论在什么地方的秋天,总是好的;可是,北国的秋,却特别地来得清,来得静,来得悲凉。”“饱尝一尝”;在文章的结尾可以读到这样的句子:“秋天,这北国的秋天,若留得住的话,我愿意把生命的三分之一折去,换得一个三分之一的零头。”
幻灯显示:
牵牛花 蓝、白色疏落的衰草 忧虑 内主
自客 槐树落蕊 清闲、落寞 孤 心观
然观 极细微极柔软 独 世色
风色 秋蝉残唱 衰弱 彷徨 界彩
物彩 秋雨秋风 灰沉沉、息列索落 感伤 的
的 都市闹人 青布衫
缓慢悠闲
枣树 叶落、西北风
一切景语,皆情语也
以情驭景,以景显情

高二下册化学教案:芳香烃


1、确定本周课程教学内容
内容和进度:完成芳香烃一节的教学及第一节2-1脂肪烃的习题讲评
第一课时:(1)复习芳香烃、苯的同系物概念;
(2)复习巩固苯的化学性质:氧化反应、取代反应,加成反应;
(3)能力提升;拓展与溴取代及硝化反应的实验,产物的提纯。
第二课时:(1)苯的同系物(甲苯)的化学性质;
(2)芳香烃的来源及其应用;
第三、四课时:对脂肪烃、芳香烃巩固训练,讲评相关习题
2、教学目标:
在复习苯的结构和性质后,重点介绍苯的同系物。教学时,要注意引导学生从苯的结构和性质,迁移到苯的同系物的结构和性质;从烷烃的同分异构体的规律和思考方法,迁移到苯的同系物的同分异构体问题。要注意脂肪烃和芳香烃的结构和性质的对比;要善于通过实验培养学生的能力。
教学重点:苯和苯的同系物的结构特点、化学性质
教学难点:苯的同系物结构中苯环和侧链烃基的相互影响
3、资料准备:
选修5《有机化学基础》教材、《步步高》、分子球棍模型、实验视频
4、授课方式(含疑难点的突破): 第一课时:以旧带新,复习提升;
第二课时:对比、联系学习新知。通过比较苯和甲苯的结构与化学性质的不同,使学生认识基团间的相互影响。
第一课时【方案Ⅰ】复习再现,对比思考,学习迁移
复习再现:复习苯的结构和性质。通过计算机课件、立体模型展示苯的结构,通过实验录相再现苯的燃烧、苯与溴的四氯化碳溶液及高锰酸钾酸性溶液的反应。引导学生讨论甲烷、乙烯、乙炔、苯的结构和性质的相似点和不同点,并列表对比小结。

提示:从苯的分子组成上看,具有很高的不饱和度,其性质应该同乙烯、乙炔相似,但实际苯不能与溴的四氯化碳溶液、高锰酸钾酸性溶液反应,说明苯的结构比较稳定。这是苯的结构和化学性质的特殊之处──“组成上高度不饱和,结构比较稳定”。
学习迁移:
(1)苯燃烧有浓厚的黑烟,同乙炔类似,因为苯(C6H6)和乙炔(C2H2)分子中C、H的原子个数比相同,含碳的质量分数相同,均为92.3%,高于甲烷和乙烯。
(2)取代反应,类似于烷烃的反应,重点讨论苯的溴代和硝化反应,与甲烷氯代的反应进行对比。
(3)加成反应,由于苯属于不饱和烃,因此也能发生类似烯烃、炔烃的加成反应,苯与氢气催化加成生成环己烷(环状饱和烃),不同的是苯不能与溴的四氯化碳溶液发生加成反应。
第二课时
2. 苯的同系物
【方案Ⅲ】活动探究,对比思考,总结讲解
活动探究:讨论对比苯和甲苯结构的相似点和不同点,实验探究苯、甲苯分别与溴的四氯化碳溶液、高锰酸钾酸性溶液的反应,思考有机化合物基团间的相互影响。
通过活动探究,填写下表:

总结讲解:甲苯发生取代反应时取代基的定位,甲苯被氧化的原因是苯环与甲基的相互作用使甲基变得活泼。
【方案Ⅳ】结构演绎,观察思考,迁移提高
3. 芳香烃的来源及其应用
【方案Ⅴ】自学阅读,讨论提高
情景创设(教师也可提供网络教学资源,指导学生通过网络自主学习):教师提出相关问题,指导学生阅读。
问题提示:芳香烃的主要来源是什么?芳香烃的主要用途是什么?
阅读讨论:阅读教科书,讨论相关问题
小结提高:交流各小组讨论结果,联系 生活实际,提高对石油产品及其应用的认识。
二、活动建议
【实验2-2】由 于高锰酸钾酸性溶液的颜色较深,甲苯与高锰酸钾酸性溶液反应较慢,本实验颜色变化观察较困难。一方面要加入硫酸改变溶液的酸碱性,另一方面,高锰酸钾溶液不能加入太多,几滴即可,并可用蒸馏水稀释试管中的溶液,以便于观察颜色变化和分层情况。

讨论记录
罗贤朗:1、教学中要注意引导学生讨论甲烷、乙烯、乙炔、苯的结构和性质的相似点和不同点,并列表对比小结。2、通过苯的结构和化学性质的特殊之处──“组成上高度不饱和,结构比较稳定”使学生意识到结构(官能团)决定有机物的性质。3、课本中只介绍甲苯的硝化反应(取代反应),上课时应该补充甲苯与液溴在FeBr3催化剂和光照条件下的卤代反应,强调条件不同,取代的位置不同。
林春:1、演示苯+酸性高锰酸钾溶液、苯+溴水的实验,或者播放视频,引导仔细观察实验现象。2、引导学生讨论对比苯和甲苯结构的相似点和不同点,先猜测甲苯的化学性质,再通过实验探究苯、甲苯分别与溴的四氯化碳溶液、高锰酸钾酸性溶液的反应,思考有机化合物基团间的相互影响。
3、多个侧链的苯的同系物的取代反应产物简单补充一下,让学生真正认识到邻、对位取代。化学方程式需要多练习书写。
附件:导学案
第二 单元 芳香烃学案
芳香族化合物—— 。
芳香烃—— 。
一、苯的结构与性质
1.苯的结构
(1)分子式: 最简式(实验式):
(2)结构式: 结构简式:
〖交流与讨论〗苯分子的结构是怎样的?
① 苯的1H核磁共振谱图(教材p48):苯分子中6个H所处的化学环境
苯分子结构的确定经历了漫长的历史过程,1866年,
德国化学家凯库勒提出苯环结构,称为凯库勒式:
② 苯的一取代物只有一种,邻位二取代物只有一种
〖拓展视野〗苯环中的碳原子都是采用的sp2杂化,碳原子之间形成σ(sp2-sp2)键,六个C原子的p轨道重叠形成一个大π键。苯分子中碳碳键的键长都是一样长的(1.4×10-10m),这说明碳原子之间形成的一种介于单键和双键之间的特殊共价建,
(3)分子空间构型
苯分子是 结构,键角 ,所有原子都在一个平面上,键长C—C 苯环上的碳碳键长 C=C C≡C,苯环上的碳碳键是
之间的独特键。
2.苯的物理性质
苯是 色,带有 气味的液体,苯有毒,
溶于水,密度比水 。用冰冷却,苯凝结成无色的晶体,通常可 溴水中的溴,是一种有机溶剂。
3.苯的化学性质
(1)苯的溴代反应
原理:

装置:(如右图)
现象:
①向三颈烧瓶中加苯和液溴后,
②反应结束后,三颈烧瓶底部出现 ( )
③锥形瓶内有白雾,向锥形瓶中加入AgNO3溶液,出现 沉淀
④向三颈烧瓶中加入NaOH溶液,产生 沉淀( )
注意:
①直型冷凝管的作用: (HBr和少量溴蒸气能通过)。

高中高二下册英语教案格式:A taste of English humour


period 1 Reading

The General Idea of This period

This period includes Warming up,Reading and Comprehending of Unit 3.To elicit the topic of humour,the teacher can get the students to talk about their teachers by asking what kind of teachers they like most.After the students know what they will learn in this unit,the teacher can get them to think what humour is,and then the teacher can show them some video clips,some verbal jokes,funny stories and some pictures for them to appreciate and have them tell the types of English humour,the typical representatives of each kind and if there are Chinese equivalents to types of English humour listed.

To understand this reading passage better,the students are required to scan the passage first and try to decide how many parts the reading passage can be pided into and then get the general idea of each part.After that they will read the passage carefully again to find some specific information for the questions.If time is limited,the comprehending part can be given to the students as their homework.

Teaching Important a multimedia

Three Dimensional Teaching Aims

Knowledge and Skills

Help the students learn something about some types of English and Chinese humour.

Help the students learn how to understand and enjoy English humour.

Help the students acquire the ability to use the key words and expressions concerning humour and useful sentence structures.

process and Strategies

Help the students to use scanning and skimming methods to improve their reading skills and speed up their reading.

Enable the students to talk about English humour.

Feelings and Value

Through the study of this period the students will be able to appreciate the English humour.

Teaching procedures

Step 1 Warming up

1.Lead in:

T:Hello,boys and girls!We have been here for more than half of a year,and you have got to know your teachers.What do you think of them or what kind of teachers you like most?

S:I think all my teachers are kind and friendly to us.They take good care of us.They are not only my teachers but also my good friends.

S:In my opinion,they are all learned and helpful,and I have learned much from them.

S:I like teachers who are open-minded,cheerful and humourous.

T:Good ideas!A humourous teacher can make the classes lively and interesting,and make you nice in class and learn well.Today we are going to learn something about humour.

2.Discussion:

T:Then what do you think humour is?Now please discuss it in groups and express your own ideas about what humour is.

S:Humour,like jokes,can make people laugh.

S:Humour is a sense.It's natural.

S:Humour is quality of being amusing;it's an ability to appreciate something comic or amusing.

3.Brainstorming:

T:Quite good!You have spoken out your own ideas about humour.Maybe everybody has his/her own taste of humour.Then how many kinds of humour do you know?

Ss:Verbal jokes,funny stories,etc.

T:Wonderful!You know so much about humour.Some of them are examples of English humour and some are examples of humour in China.Now let's appreciate the following,and tell what types of humour they are.

policeman:You can't park here.

Driver:Why not?

policeman:Read the sign.

Driver:I did.It says,"Fine for parking!"

Customer:I say waiter!There are some coins in my soup!

Waiter:Well you said you wanted some change in your meals.

Mrs Brown:Is your new home a warm one?

Mrs Black:It should be.The painter gave it two coats last month.

Ss:Verbal jokes.

patient:Doctor,I've lost my memory.

Doctor:When did it happen?

patient:When did what happen?

Doctor:What happened to your ears?

Man:I was ironing my shirt when the telephone rang,but instead of picking up the phone,I accidentally picked up the iron and stuck it to my ear.

Doctor:Oh Dear!But...what happened to the other ear?

Man:The scoundrel called back.

Ss:Funny stories.

Ss:They are playing cross talks.

Ss:They are playing sketches.

T:Next let's appreciate the video clips from the Mr.Bean.

Ss:Mime and farce.Mr.Bean is quite a good example of mime and farce.

T:Now let's appreciate the video clips from the film called The Gold Rush.

Ss:Nonverbal.From the film we can see that Charlie Chaplin was quite good at nonverbal humour.

T:Do you think Charlie Chaplin's eating boiled shoes funny?Why?

S:I think it is funny.It makes my mouth watering,especially when it is almost time for lunch and I am very hungry.

T:Really,and me too!But we have to come to the reading.

Step 2 Reading

T:The title of the reading is Nonverbal Humour,the purpose of it is to introduce nonverbal humour.This reading material takes Charlie Chaplin as an example.It tells us what nonverbal humour means;what's Charlie Chaplin's style of acting;how he made a sad situation entertaining and so on.

Reading task 1 General reading

T:Boys and girls,I'd like you to read the passage fast and try to decide how many parts the reading passage can be pided into and then get the general idea of each part with your partners.

A few minutes later.

T:I see most of you have finished your task.Who would like to tell how many parts the reading passage can be pided into?

S:We think there are three parts in this text.The first paragraph is the first part.From the second to the fourth paragraph is the second.

T:OK.Are there any different opinions?

S:In our opinion,the reading passage can be pided into four parts.The first part is the first paragraph.The second part is the second paragraph.The third and the fourth paragraph is the third part.And the last paragraph is the fourth part.

T:Can you tell us the main ideas of the text?

S:The first part tells us that not all humour is kind.The second part tells us that some actors can astonish us with the deep feeling they can inspire with us for a character they are playing.The third one tells us something about Charlie Chaplin's acting style.The last one is a short biography about Charlie Chaplin.

T:Sounds reasonable.

Reading task 2 Careful reading

T:OK,since you have a good understanding of the general idea of this reading passage,I'd like you to read the passage once again and work together with your partners to find out the answers to the following questions.

1.Why do people enjoy seeing other people's bad luck?

2.What was Chaplin given a special Oscar for?

3.Why did people like The little Tramp?

T:Finished?OK,any volunteers!

Suggested answers:

1.people enjoy seeing other people's bad luck,because it makes people more content with/satisfied with their life.

2.Chaplin was given a special Oscar for the contributions he made in films.

3.people like The little Tramp because it gives people courage to overcome difficulties;because he was always kind even when people were unkind to him,and because he was optimistic.

Step 3 Language focus

T:So much for the questions and answers.Now look through the passage again and see if you have any language problems.

S:I don't know whether the phrase "content with" has the same meaning with "be satisfied with"?

T:Yes,"content" means "satisfied,happy,not wanting more." For example:

1)The old Granny is content to live in the small village alone.

2)Are you content with your present salary?

S:Mr.Li,in Chinese the three words "particular,especial,special" all mean "特别的",I'm really confused about them.Will you explain them to us?

T:particular"特别的,讲究的,挑剔的",强调特定的,个别的,与众不同的;special "专门的,特殊的,特别的",强调的是事物特有的性质、性格或专门的目的、用途;especial "特别的,主要的,突出的",强调的是重要性,有"优越、好感"之意。

For example:

1)There is one particular patient I'd like you to see.

2)She is particular about her clothes.

3)You will need a special tool to do that.

4)I love the country,especially (adv.) in spring.Step 4 Summary

T:Today we have learned something about humour,and you have all performed wonderfully to have a good taste of humour.

Step 5 Homework

T:Now homework for you today!Complete the chart on page 18,and write a biography for Charlie Chaplin according to the notes you have made.

How time flies!It's time for lunch.You can go and have your delicious lunch,and you don't need to watch Charlie Chaplin eating boiled shoe to feel full.

The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard

Unit 3 A taste of English humour

period 1 Warming Up Fun stories;Fun poems.

5.Display them in the class and share them.

Reference for teaching

Background Information

CHARLIE CHApLIN

Charlie Chaplin,who died in 1977,is considered one of the greatest and funniest actors in the history of the cinema.During his lifetime,he acted in 13 films,and he wrote,directed and acted in 69 other films.

Chaplin was born in London in 1889 and first acted when he was five years old.At the age of eight,he joined a group of child dancers,and at seventeen he set off to the USA with a group of comedy actors.During a second trip to the USA in 1912,an important film director saw Chaplin acting a very funny part in a play.As a result,Chaplin got his first film part in the States.

As early as his second film,Chaplin had developed his own manner of acting,the one that was to become world-famous.He wore a small black hat,very wide trousers,a moustache and carried a stick that he swung in the air as he walked.Even his way of walking down the street and turning a corner could be recognized as his own.In less than three months Chaplin acted in 11 films.In a short while he started directing films himself.During his first year,Chaplin acted in 35 films,many of which he wrote and directed himself.

Chaplin's earliest films were silent films,because the equipment for adding sound to films had not yet been developed.The development of films with sound became a problem for Chaplin,as he was uncertain about making films with dialogue.Instead,he continued to make films without dialogue,but he added music,which he wrote himself.Two of his greatest films,"City Lights" and "Modern Times" were of this kind.

Chaplin's later films,however,were not well received.He made only six films between 1940 and 1966 and only the first of these is still popular today.Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland,where he was buried in 1977.Before he died,he was honoured in a number of ways for his contributions to the film industry.

One of Charlie Chaplin's most famous films was "The Gold Rush",which was made in 1925.The film was set in California in the middle of the nineteenth century.At that time,gold was discovered in California and thousands of people rushed there to look for gold,so it became known as "the gold rush".people said gold could easily be picked up by washing sand from the river in a pan of water.This was known as "panning for gold".

In the film,Chaplin and his friend are in California.So far,they have been unlucky in their search for gold and have no money at all.Chaplin and his friend are caught on the edge of a mountain in a snow storm in a small wooden house.They have nothing to eat.They are so hungry that they cook a pair of shoes,by boiling them,in a pan of water.Chaplin sits down at the table and eats the shoe with a knife and fork,enjoying every mouthful.He makes it seem as if this is one of the most delicious meals that he has ever enjoyed.

Language points:

1.A taste of English humour

1)taste n.味道;鉴赏力;爱好,嗜好

e.g.The food has an attractive taste.

She shows good taste in water-colours.

pop music is liked by many people,but it not to everyone's taste.

2)taste vt.link-v.吃(尝)起来......

e.g.I have never tasted snake.

When you are ill,you can't taste properly.

The dish tastes delicious.

2.What does humour mean?

1)mean v. to have sth.as a meaning 意思是

e.g.What does this sentence mean?

The flash light means that you must stop.

What do you mean by that remark?

2)mean v.(mean doing sth.) to intend to indicate 意味着(必须要做某事或导致某种结果)

e.g.Being a student means studying hard.

In some parts of London,missing a bus means waiting for another hour.

3)mean v.(mean to do sth.) to have as a purpose or an intention打算做......

e.g.What do you mean to do with it?

I had meant to come over to see you last night,but I had an unexpected visitor.

4)be meant for 打算给予;打算作......用

e.g.These rooms are meant for the children's center

3.Do you find it funny to see someone sliding on a banana skin,bumping into someone else round a corner?

find it funny to see someone sliding on a banana skin中,find后面跟复合结构n,用it代替不定式,it作形式宾语,能用于这种结构的词还有feel,think,make,consider等。

e.g.Do you find it easy to solve the problem in this way?

I don't think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.

Do you consider it necessary to do the experiment once again?

We have made it a rule not smoke in the office.

4.perhaps it makes us feel more content with our life because we feel there is someone else worse off than ourselves.

1)content n.(often contents) sth.contained in sth.所容纳之物,内容,目录;(often content)the subject matter of a written or spoken work,such as a book,magazine or a speech.

e.g.The drawer had been emptied its contents.

She hadn't read the letter and also was unaware of the contents.

At the front of book is a table of contents,giving details of what is in the book.

The content of your essay is excellent,but it's not very well expressed.

I like the style of her writing but I don't like the content.

2)content adj.satisfied,happy,not wanting more 满意的;满足的

e.g.The old Granny is content to live in the small village alone.

Are you content with your present salary?

She is quite content to stay at home,looking after her children.

3)content v.to make content or satisfied使......满意或满足

e.g.We should never content ourselves with book knowledge only.

He contented himself with one piece of cake.

4)worse off 是badly off 的比较级形式,in a poor position,esp.financially境况比......更差;better off 是well off 的比较级形势,in a better position境况比......较好

e.g.They are too badly off to have a holiday.

We should not complain about being poor-many people were much worse off.

I went to his home and found his living condition was worse off than mine.

In fact many people are better off than they were five years ago.

5.However,some actors can astonish us with the deep feelings they can inspire in us for a character they are playing.

however adv.(used to comment on a previously stated fact)although sth.,is was or may be true;nevertheless然而,不过,仍然;no matter how无论如何,不管怎样。

e.g.His first response was to say no.Later,however,he changed his mind.

We thought the figures were correct.However,we have discovered some errors.

However(No matter how) cold it is,he always goes swimming in winter.

You should try to get a good night's sleep however much work you have to do.

However late he is,mother will wait for him to have dinner together.

【辨析】

however 和but都可以表示转折,两者在词性和结构用法上是有区别的。

however是连接副词,连接两个分句时,必须另起新句,并用逗号隔开,位置可以位于句中、句首、句末。

but是并列连接词,连接两个并列分句时,只能位于两个句子之间,且其后不能加逗号。

6.He became famous for using a particular form of acting,including mime and farce.

particular adj.not general or universal单独的,特殊的,一般的;separate and distinct from others of the same group,category,or nature特定的,个别的;worthy of note;exceptional特别的,特殊的,值得注意的,与众不同的

e.g.She has a particular preference for Chinese art.

There is one particular patient I'd like you to see.

We must pay particular attention to this point.

The documents(文件)are of particular importance.

【拓展归纳】

in particular 特别地

particularly特别地,特殊地

be particular about...对......挑剔,对......讲究

e.g.He loves science fiction in particular.

He likes the country,particularly(especially)in spring.

The fashionable lady is particular about her clothes.

【辨析】

particular,especial,special

particular adj.特别的,讲究的,挑剔的。强调特定的,个别的,与众不同的。

special adj.专门的,特殊的,特别的。强调的是事物特有的性质、性格或专门的目的、用途。

especial adj.特别的,主要的,突出的。强调的是重要性,有"优越、好感"之意。

7.He played a poor and homeless person,who wore large trousers,worn-out shoes and a small round black hat and carried a walking stick.

worn-out adj.(of thing)badly damaged and/or no longer useful because it has been used a lot 磨损的,损坏的,穿破的;(of a person)be tired out筋疲力尽的

e.g.These shoes are worn-out.

I was worn-out after the long journey.

Can we sit down?I'm worn-out.

8.Then he cut off the leather top of the shoe,treating it as if it were the finest meat.

cut off v.1)to remove sth.from sth.larger by cutting切掉,剪下;to block or get in the way of sth.阻止,切断;2)to stop the supply of sth.to sb.中断,中止;3)to interrupt sb.who is speaking on the telephone by breaking the connection中断,中止;4)to prevent sb./sth.from leaving or reaching a place or communicating with people outside a place隔绝,隔离

e.g.He had his finger cut off in an accident at work.

They cut off the enemy's retreat(撤退).

Our water supply has been cut off.

We were cut off in the middle of our conversation.

She was in Nansha Islands for six months.She felt as if she were cut off from the outside world.

【拓展归纳】

cut across 取捷径;抄近路 cut out 剪除;切掉;割掉

cut in 插嘴 cut down 看到;砍伤;砍死

cut back 修剪;减少;削减 cut up 切碎

9.He was in such a hurry that he bumped into/knocked into/came across an old lady.

knock into v.to meet unexpected撞上,偶遇

e.g.I knocked into an old friend of mine in the street the other day.

He knocked into a lady standing there.

【拓展归纳】

knock down 撞倒 knock off 将......撞下

knock against 撞击 knock over 撞翻

knock at/on 敲(门/窗) knock out of 从......中敲出

感谢您拜读范文资讯网教案频道的“高中高二下册化学水的电离和溶液的酸碱性教案”一文,希望“高中高二下册化学水的电离和溶液的酸碱性教案”能解决您的教案需求,同时,Fwr816.com还为您精选准备的初三下册化学溶液教案专题!

  网站地图